If you are a U.S. citizen and you are away from the States, you can vote absentee for president, but only president. If you have an actual address, you could vote for your local representatives, but short of that, president is your only pick.
And you don't have a way of influencing the Electoral College; the votes count toward the popular vote, but without an address, they don't factor into state counts.
But if you're Canadian, and you have to vote from outside the country, how do you vote?
Elections Canada, the organization that runs Canada's federal elections, requires an address so you can vote in your riding (district). And — you have to love this part — you have to know the person you want to vote for in your riding.
In a parliamentary system, you vote for the riding, not the party. Unofficially, people do vote for the person in the riding based on the party's federal leader.
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